Global Journal of Digestive Diseases

Description

Dental caries is a common oral disease that has been around for a long time. The disease of tooth decay dates back to the prehistoric era, according to archaeological evidence. Humans have written about tooth decay since ancient times, long before microorganisms could be seen with the naked eye. Dental caries may be linked to a particular kind of living thing, as has been suggested and explained. However, it took another 6000 years for the tooth worm to reveal its true identity. It is interesting to note that, according to Moore and Corbett's research on the dentition of British people at various times, the incidence of dental caries was relatively low before 1850, but the number of dental caries lesions significantly increased as the availability of refined flour and cane sugar increased. This indicates the close connection between refined flour and cane sugar and dental caries. Caries in the teeth is still a serious issue. Even with the rapid development of dental technology today, the problem of dental caries persists, and its severity today is greater than it was in the past. The incidence of dental caries among Taitung Elementary School students in 1910 was described in an article that appeared in the Journal of the Formosan Medical Association. This occurred during the Japanese colonial era in Taiwan. This is an early academic record of Taiwanese dental caries, demonstrating that Taiwan's government began paying attention to oral health issues more than a century ago. The national oral health promotion plan is also still being implemented by the Taiwanese government today. In point of fact, a person's overall health and quality of life are directly impacted by their oral health. The methods of secondary data analysis were used in this study. The Ministry of the Interior was the source for the Taiwanese population data. The population was shown as the population at the middle of the year. As a result, the population at the middle of 2020 was comparable to the average of the population at the end of 2019 and the end of 2020.The NHI Administration's website contained the dental treatment records for dental caries under the NHI system.

Early Academic Record of Taiwanese Dental Caries

 The dental treatment records claimed in 2020 were the sole focus of this study. One of the most prevalent oral diseases caused by bacteria is dental caries, and the cariogenic bacteria are crucial to its pathogenesis. For the treatment of dental caries, antibacterial therapy is regarded as an important strategy. However, traditional antibacterial efficacy is constrained by the potential for drug resistance to develop and the low local drug concentration. A lot of nanomaterials, like liposomes and polymeric nanoparticles, have been used as functional carriers for drug delivery. The antibiotic-loaded nanomaterials have demonstrated significant potential for increasing antibacterial therapy's efficacy. Additionally, functionalized nanomaterials like metal nanoparticles and graphene-based nanomaterials can be utilized as direct antibacterial agents in photo thermal, photodynamic, and physical antibacterial therapies. We want to provide a comprehensive understanding of dental caries and the pathogenic bacteria that are associated with it, as well as a summary of the most recent advancements in nanomaterials-based antibacterial treatment. Additionally, concerns regarding the practical application of nanomaterials and the antibacterial mechanisms are discussed. Although traditional homogeneous metal catalysts and enzymatic catalysts have received a lot of attention from researchers, a new category of hybrid catalysts known as synthetic metalloenzymes has recently been taken into consideration. It has been demonstrated that metalloenzymes can function as hybrid catalysts that possess both homogeneous and enzymatic properties. Enantioselectivity or chemo selectivity, for example, will add value to the hybrid catalyst. In the preparation of hybrid metalloenzymes, Schiff base complexes, which function as homogeneous artificial enzymes or contribute to the host's structure, are the focus of this review. The specifics of hybrid catalysts appear crucial for catalysis advancement because this strategy can practically be utilized with any bio- or synthetic host or guest coordination complex. Future-oriented material fabrication technologies would aim to reproduce features characteristic to the natural materials into the synthetic ones. Since surface patterning techniques can mimic the desired surface design, a variety of bio-mimicking strategies are already utilized in the medical industry. By highlighting their advantages and potential utility for biomedical applications, we highlight the most common patterning techniques used to fabricate polymeric substrates with micro- or nano-features. First, we'll talk about top-down and bottom-up fabrication methods like photolithography, electron, proton, ion beam, block copolymer, soft lithography, and advanced techniques like scanning probe and particle lithography. Next, we'll talk about alternative patterning methods like DNA self-assembly or biomolecule crystallization. The studies that have already been published, as well as the potential applications of bio- and synthetic polymer-patterned substrates, as well as the analysis of molecule and cell-interface interactions, cell development, migration, and differentiation, are described in greater detail, with an emphasis on their application to blood disorders and circulating blood cells. The benefits of using such substrates as component parts in biosensing devices are summarized in the final chapter, with anticipated applications in medical diagnosis and clinical healthcare.

Medical Diagnosis and Clinical Healthcare

 For the above-mentioned reason, bitewing radiography is utilized for the purpose of providing initial caries detection. The early identification of dental caries is necessary for the appropriate treatments. The use of well-known neural network schemes and deep structured architectures in clinical imaging aids in processing the large number of images, has been actively researched in recent years, and provides competitive performance. As a result, techniques based on deep learning have developed remarkable diagnostic efficiency in the field of radiology. This paper aims to use deep learning effectively for segmenting dental caries as a result of this emerging intelligence. Initially, during the pre-processing phase, contrast enhancement via Contrast Limited Adaptive Histogram Equalization and noise filtering via bilateral filtering are carried out. In addition, Fused Optimal Centroid K-means with K-Mediods Clustering is used to segment the caries, which is enhanced by Hybrid Sea Lion-Squirrel Search Optimization to produce the best parameter optimization. Morphological operations are used to perform the post-pre-processing of the images after the caries have been segmented. Last but not least, the meta-heuristic-based ResneXt with Recurrent Neural Network uses the segmented image to detect caries. The HSLnSSO algorithm modifies the architecture. For caries detection the new segmentation model and the well-trained MResneXtRNN have performed better than the traditional methods.